Understanding Hepatitis B and C: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Duly Care
Jun 18
8 min read

Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are two of the most prevalent viral infections globally, with significant impacts on liver health. These infections can progress silently, causing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer, if untreated. Despite their serious health implications, these conditions are surrounded by myths and misinformation, often leading to fear or stigma.

This blog demystifies Hepatitis B and C, providing insights into their meaning, causes, symptoms, testing, treatment, and prevention, while addressing common misconceptions.

Key Takeaways

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that primarily affect the liver and can lead to both acute and chronic diseases.
Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or body fluids, but vaccines and preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk.
Early testing, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment can prevent severe liver complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Educating yourself about myths and preventive strategies can empower informed health decisions.

What Is Hepatitis B and C?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which spreads through contact with infected blood, unprotected sexual intercourse, or from a mother to her child during childbirth. It can manifest as either an acute illness or progress into a chronic condition, especially when the infection occurs in infancy, where the immune system is less equipped to clear the virus.

Hepatitis C, on the other hand, is caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is distinct from Hepatitis B in several ways, most notably the absence of a vaccine for HCV. Transmission is primarily bloodborne, with common modes including shared needles among drug users or unsterilized medical equipment.

Both HBV and HCV disproportionately affect communities with limited access to healthcare, where preventive and treatment resources may be scarce. However, advancements in medicine, including vaccines for HBV and highly effective antiviral treatments for both conditions, have made it possible to prevent and manage these infections more successfully.

Causes of Hepatitis B and C

This section discusses the causes and transmission modes of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) to highlight the ways these viruses spread and underline the importance of preventive measures.

Hepatitis B (HBV):

The virus is found in infected blood, semen, and other body fluids. It can spread through unprotected sexual contact, perinatal transmission (from a pregnant person to their baby during childbirth), and sharing of needles or medical equipment that hasn’t been sterilised.
Since it resides in bodily fluids, everyday interactions like hugging or sharing utensils are not modes of transmission, reducing the stigma and fear of casual contact.

Hepatitis C (HCV):

Unlike HBV, it is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, most commonly via shared needles among drug users or unsafe medical practices involving unsterilized instruments.
Other modes, like sexual transmission or perinatal transmission, are rare but not impossible. This distinction underscores that the primary focus for HCV prevention is on maintaining blood safety.

The detailed explanation serves to clarify that while both viruses share similarities in their impact on liver health, their transmission routes differ significantly, influencing prevention and management strategies.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B and C

The symptoms of Hepatitis B and C are often subtle, delayed, or absent altogether, which underscores the importance of regular testing for early diagnosis. Understanding these symptoms can help recognize and address these conditions promptly.

Acute Symptoms

Acute symptoms typically appear within a few weeks to months after exposure to the virus. These include:

Fatigue: Persistent and unexplained tiredness that does not improve with rest and may interfere with daily activities.
Jaundice: A visible yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, indicating a build-up of bilirubin (a yellow substance that's created when the body breaks down red blood cells) due to impaired liver function.
Dark Urine: Urine that appears unusually dark in colour, often resembling tea or cola, is a sign of liver distress.
Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain, particularly in the upper right side of the abdomen where the liver is located.
Nausea and Vomiting: Feelings of queasiness, loss of appetite, and episodes of vomiting, which are common as the liver struggles to process toxins.

Chronic Symptoms

In chronic cases, symptoms may not manifest for years, even as the liver sustains damage. Over time, untreated chronic Hepatitis B or C can lead to severe complications, including:

Cirrhosis: The formation of scar tissue in the liver, which hampers its ability to function effectively and can cause swelling, weakness, and other systemic issues.
Liver Cancer: Prolonged inflammation of the liver increases the risk of developing liver cancer, a potentially life-threatening condition.
Liver Failure: In advanced stages, the liver may fail to perform essential functions like detoxifying the blood, producing proteins, or aiding in digestion, leading to severe health consequences.

Given the often silent progression of these symptoms, regular screening and awareness are crucial to detect and manage Hepatitis B and C effectively.

Testing for Hepatitis B and C

Timely and accurate testing for Hepatitis B and C is essential for effective management and treatment. Both infections can remain asymptomatic for long periods, making early diagnosis a vital step in preventing severe complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Testing options for Hepatitis B and C are widely available at hospitals, diagnostic centres, and specialised clinics, enabling individuals to take proactive steps toward better health.

Hepatitis B

To diagnose Hepatitis B, a range of tests is utilised to identify the virus and assess liver function. One of the most commonly used tests is the HBsAg Test, which detects the presence of the Hepatitis B surface antigen. A positive result indicates an active HBV infection.

Another key test is the Anti-HBs Test, which helps determine whether an individual has immunity to Hepatitis B, either through vaccination or previous infection.

Additionally, Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are often conducted to evaluate the liver's overall health and detect any damage caused by the virus.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C testing involves identifying both past exposure and active infection. The HCV Antibody Test is the first step, used to detect antibodies the immune system produces after exposure to the virus. A positive result indicates prior exposure, but further testing is needed to confirm active infection.

The HCV RNA Test is a highly sensitive diagnostic tool that confirms the presence of the virus and determines its viral load. This information is crucial for assessing the severity of the infection and planning treatment.

Another important test is the Genotype Test, which identifies the specific strain of the Hepatitis C virus. Since different strains respond differently to treatment, this test ensures a tailored approach to care.

How can I Treat Hepatitis B and C?

Owing to advancements in medical science, effective treatment options for both Hepatitis B and C are now available. Early diagnosis and intervention significantly improve outcomes, allowing individuals to manage their conditions and maintain liver health.

Treatment for Hepatitis B

For those living with chronic Hepatitis B, antiviral medications like Tenofovir and Entecavir play a pivotal role. These medications suppress the virus, reduce liver inflammation, and lower the risk of complications such as liver cirrhosis or cancer.

Interferon therapy is another option, though it is less commonly used due to its side effects. However, it may be recommended for specific patients, particularly those with a strong immune response to the virus.

In severe cases where liver damage is extensive, a liver transplant may be necessary to replace the damaged organ and restore health.

Treatments for Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is now considered a curable condition, thanks to the development of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs). These medications specifically target the virus at various stages of its lifecycle, achieving cure rates exceeding 90% in most cases. DAAs are highly effective, have fewer side effects, and require shorter treatment durations compared to older therapies.

In addition to medication, adopting healthy lifestyle changes is crucial for supporting liver function. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a balanced diet rich in nutrients, can enhance treatment outcomes and prevent further liver damage.

Prevention Strategies for Hepatitis B and C

Prevention remains the most effective strategy for combating Hepatitis B and C, with measures focusing on vaccination, hygiene, and safe practices.

Preventing Hepatitis B

The Hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective, providing lifelong immunity for most people. It is recommended for individuals of all ages, especially those at higher risk of exposure.
Safe practices, such as avoiding shared needles and ensuring the use of sterilised medical equipment, significantly reduce the risk of transmission.
Practising safe sex with barrier methods like condoms prevents sexual transmission of the virus.

Preventing Hepatitis C

Harm reduction programs, including needle exchange initiatives, are crucial in preventing the spread of Hepatitis C among people who use injectable drugs.
Medical sterility is critical in healthcare settings, ensuring that all tools and equipment are properly sterilised to avoid contamination.
Public awareness efforts emphasising the importance of safe medical practices and hygiene further support the prevention of Hepatitis C.

By emphasising early diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventive measures, individuals can protect themselves and others from the long-term consequences of Hepatitis B and C.

Myths vs. Facts

Misunderstandings about Hepatitis B and C often lead to stigma, fear, and misinformation. Correcting these misconceptions is crucial for raising awareness and encouraging proactive healthcare decisions.

Myth: "Hepatitis is always fatal."

This myth creates unnecessary fear, discouraging individuals from seeking help.

Fact: With early detection and appropriate treatment, most people can manage Hepatitis B or cure Hepatitis C, leading healthy lives.

Myth: "Only drug users get Hepatitis."

This stereotype is harmful and overlooks the many ways the viruses can spread.

Fact: While intravenous drug use is a risk factor, anyone exposed to infected blood or body fluids can contract Hepatitis B or C, such as through unsafe medical practices or unprotected sex.

Myth: "Hepatitis B and C are the same."

This oversimplification ignores their unique characteristics.

Fact: Hepatitis B and C are caused by different viruses. Hepatitis B has a vaccine for prevention, while Hepatitis C can often be cured with medication.

Conclusion

Hepatitis B and C are preventable and manageable conditions when armed with the right knowledge and resources. Early detection through testing, appropriate medical care, and preventive strategies like vaccination can significantly reduce their impact. Prioritise your health by staying informed, breaking the stigma, and accessing trusted healthcare services.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can Hepatitis B and C be cured?
Hepatitis B is manageable but not curable, whereas Hepatitis C can be cured with Direct-Acting Antivirals.
Who should get tested for Hepatitis?
Anyone with risk factors like exposure to infected blood, unprotected sex, or shared needles should get tested.
Is it safe to get the Hepatitis B vaccine during pregnancy?
Yes, the Hepatitis B vaccine is safe during pregnancy and prevents transmission to the baby.

Important

This blog, including its text, images, and infographics, is for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. For personalized advice, always consult a doctor.

References

US Centers for Disease and Control. Hepatitis C Accessed on 24 January 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/index.html
World Health Organization. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. 2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26042815/
European Association for the Study of the Liver's Journal of Hepatology. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. 2017. https://easl.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/HepB-English-report.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis B. Accessed on 24 January 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b