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Understanding Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

According to World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally with around 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths in 2022. But the good news is that it is preventable and treatable when caught early.

Understanding cervical cancer, its symptoms, causes, and preventive measures can empower healthier choices and provide peace of mind. In this blog, we’ll break down the basics of cervical cancer, explain the role of human papillomavirus (HPV), and explore essential steps like vaccination and regular screening.


 

Key Takeaways:

  • Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable: Regular screening and vaccination against HPV reduce the risk.

  • HPV is the primary cause: Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

  • Symptoms to watch for: Common symptoms include unusual bleeding, pelvic pain, and discomfort during sex.

  • Prevention includes: Vaccination, regular Pap smears, and safe sex practices play a key role in prevention.


 

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a disease where cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina, start growing abnormally and form a tumor. Unlike healthy cells, which grow, divide, and die in an orderly way, cancer cells keep growing uncontrollably and don’t die off as they should. Over time, this can lead to the formation of a mass of cancerous tissue, which may spread to other parts of the body. This type of cancer typically develops slowly, often starting as precancerous changes in cervical cells. If these abnormal cells are not treated in time, they may grow into cancer.

Stages of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is classified into stages, ranging from early-stage (stage 1) to advanced-stage (stage 4). The stage of cervical cancer plays a significant role in determining the treatment options and the likelihood of successful recovery.

Early-stage cervical cancer, which is confined to the cervix or nearby areas, has a much higher survival rate compared to advanced stages. For instance, the 5-year survival rate for stage 1 cervical cancer is over 90%, indicating that when caught early, treatment is often very effective.

As the cancer progresses to later stages, it spreads to other parts of the body, such as the bladder, rectum, or distant organs, making treatment more challenging.

In advanced stage, the survival rates drop significantly, emphasizing the importance of early detection through regular screenings like Pap smears and HPV tests. These screenings can help detect abnormal cell changes before they progress to cancer, leading to more effective treatment options and a better prognosis.

cervical cancer 
stages of cervical cancer

What Age Do Women Get Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer can develop in women of any age but is most commonly diagnosed in women between 35 and 44 years. This does not mean, however, that younger women aren’t at risk. In fact, the early stages of cervical cancer or the precancerous changes in cervical cells may start developing as early as in the 20s. This is why it’s essential for young women to understand preventive steps, like the HPV vaccine and regular screenings.


Causes of Cervical Cancer: Understanding HPV’s Role

The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. There are over 200 strains of HPV, but certain high-risk types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.

How HPV Causes Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads through intimate skin-to-skin contact. This includes vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus—even if they show no symptoms. When a high-risk strain of HPV such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 infects the cervix, it can lead to abnormal cell growth.

Most HPV infections are temporary, resolving on their own as the immune system fights off the virus. However, in some cases, HPV infections persist, particularly when high-risk strains are involved. Persistent infections with these strains can result in cell changes that increase the risk of cervical cancer over time.

An important thing to note about HPV is that it can go undetected for years, as most people don’t experience symptoms. While using condoms during sex can help reduce the risk of HPV transmission, they do not eliminate it entirely since HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact in the genital area. This means that even people in long-term, monogamous relationships can unknowingly carry and transmit the virus.


causes of cervical cancer 
how hpv causes cervical cancer 
risk factors of cervical cancer
Image by Freepik

Other risk factors

While HPV is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer, other factors can increase the risk of developing it, especially if HPV is already present. Here are some additional risk factors:

  1. Smoking: Smoking introduces harmful chemicals into the body that weaken the immune system, making it harder to clear HPV infections. Smokers are at a higher risk of developing cervical cancer than non-smokers.

  2. Weakened Immune System: Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatments (like those for organ transplants), can make it more difficult for the body to fight off HPV and other infections, increasing the risk of cervical cancer.

  3. Long-term Use of Birth Control Pills: Studies suggest that using birth control pills or oral contraceptives for five years or more may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer, though this risk decreases after stopping the pills.

  4. Multiple Full-Term Pregnancies: Women who have had multiple full-term pregnancies appear to have a slightly higher risk of cervical cancer. The reason isn’t fully understood, but hormonal changes and other pregnancy-related factors might play a role.

  5. Early Sexual Activity and Multiple Partners: Starting sexual activity at a young age or having multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of exposure to HPV, which can raise the risk of cervical cancer.

  6. Family History of Cervical Cancer: Women with a family history of cervical cancer may be more susceptible to developing the disease, possibly due to genetic factors or shared environmental exposures.

  7. Low Socioeconomic Status: Limited access to healthcare services, including regular Pap smears and HPV testing, can delay the detection of abnormal cell changes, increasing the risk of cervical cancer in underserved populations.


Recognizing the Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer symptoms may not appear in its early stages. Regular screening is essential for early detection, but knowing what to watch for is also important:

  • Pain during sex: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity could be a sign of an underlying issue.

  • Unusual bleeding: Especially after sex, between menstrual periods, or after menopause.

  • Persistent pelvic pain: Pain in the pelvic area or lower back that doesn’t seem related to your menstrual cycle.

  • Abnormal discharge: Watery, bloody, or foul-smelling discharge can indicate cervical changes.

If you experience these symptoms, consult a doctor for evaluation. These symptoms may not necessarily mean you have cervical cancer, but they warrant medical attention.


How to Protect Yourself from Cervical Cancer?

HPV Vaccination: Your Best Defense

One of the most effective ways to protect against HPV and reduce the risk of cervical cancer is through the HPV vaccine. The vaccine works by stimulating the body’s immune system to build protection against specific high-risk HPV strains most commonly linked to cervical cancer.

Ideally, the vaccine is administered before a person is exposed to the virus, i.e., before they become sexually active , which is why health organizations recommend it for ages 9-14 but also extend the recommendation up to age 26 in most cases. In some countries, people up to age 45 are eligible, but consult your doctor for specific guidelines.

By getting vaccinated, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer, as well as other HPV-related cancers.

  • Who should get the vaccine? 

    The ideal age is 9-14 years, but young adults up to age 26 can also benefit from it.

  • Is it safe? 

    Yes, the HPV vaccine is safe and widely recommended by health authorities, including WHO.


How to Protect Yourself from Cervical Cancer? 
hpv vaccination
Image by Freepik

Regular Screening: Pap Smear and HPV Testing

Regular screening allows early detection of abnormal cervical cells. The two main types of tests are:

  • Pap smear:

    A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test, is a simple screening procedure used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. During the test, a doctor gently collects cells from the surface of the cervix using a small brush or spatula. These cells are then examined under a microscope to look for any signs of abnormal changes that could indicate precancerous conditions or cervical cancer. The recommended age to get a Pap smear is 21 years old. You should start getting Pap smears even if you are not yet sexually active. 

  • HPV test: 

    An HPV test is a screening test that checks for the presence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the cervix. These high-risk HPV strains, namely HPV-16 and HPV-18, are known to increase the risk of cervical cancer because they can cause abnormal cell changes in cervical tissue over time. Unlike a Pap smear, which looks for abnormal cells, an HPV test specifically identifies whether high-risk HPV strains are present.

    During the test, a doctor collects cells from the cervix, similar to the process for a Pap smear, and these cells are analyzed for the genetic material of HPV. If high-risk HPV is detected, it doesn’t mean a person has cervical cancer, but it does indicate a higher risk, and further monitoring or additional tests may be recommended. HPV testing is often done alongside a Pap smear (called co-testing) in women over 30 to provide a clearer picture of cervical health and help guide preventive care decisions.

Cervical cancer often has a slow progression, allowing time for precancerous cells to be detected and treated before they become cancerous. Early detection not only increases the chance of successful treatment but can prevent cervical cancer altogether.

Regular Screening: Pap Smear and HPV Testing
Image by Freepik

Lifestyle Choices and Safe Sex Practices

In addition to vaccination and regular screening, certain lifestyle choices can significantly lower the risk of HPV infection and, consequently, cervical cancer.

One important preventive measure is to practice safe sex. Using condoms during sex consistently can reduce the risk of HPV transmission, as condoms act as a barrier against direct skin-to-skin contact. While condoms don’t provide complete protection (since HPV can spread through areas not covered by a condom), they greatly reduce exposure and help protect against other sexually transmitted infections that may compromise cervical health.

Limiting tobacco use is another impactful choice. Smoking weakens the immune system, making it more challenging for the body to clear HPV infections. The harmful chemicals in cigarettes can also lead to cellular damage, particularly in the cervix, which can increase susceptibility to HPV and raise the risk of cancerous changes. By reducing or avoiding smoking, individuals give their immune system a better chance to fight off HPV naturally.

Finally, maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables can also support immune function. Nutrients found in these foods, like vitamins C and E and antioxidants, play a role in strengthening immune defenses, helping the body to combat infections and reduce inflammation. A balanced diet provides the body with essential nutrients that support cellular repair and immune responses, promoting overall cervical health.


Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer

When cervical cancer is detected, a variety of treatment options are available. The specific treatment approach will depend on several factors, including the stage of cancer, the patient's age, overall health, and whether the cancer has spread. Early detection and intervention are crucial, as they often result in less invasive treatments and better chances of successful recovery. Below are the main treatment options for cervical cancer:

Surgery

Surgery is often used to remove cancerous cells or tissue. In early-stage cervical cancer, surgery may involve removing just the tumor or the part of the cervix affected by cancer. In more advanced stages, a more extensive surgery may be required, such as a hysterectomy, which involves removing the cervix and, in some cases, the uterus. In some instances, the removal of nearby lymph nodes may also be necessary to check if the cancer has spread. Early-stage cancer treated with surgery often has a high survival rate, especially if the cancer has not spread to other organs.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays, similar to X-rays, to target and destroy cancer cells. This treatment can be used in combination with surgery or as a primary treatment for more advanced stages of cervical cancer. External radiation is directed at the affected area from outside the body, while internal radiation (also known as brachytherapy) involves placing radioactive material directly inside or near the tumor. Radiation therapy is often effective in shrinking tumors and can be used for patients who cannot undergo surgery due to age, health concerns, or advanced cancer.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves using drugs that target and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used as a standalone treatment or combined with surgery and/or radiation. It is typically used in more advanced stages of cervical cancer or when the cancer has spread beyond the cervix. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or intravenously and works by targeting cancer cells throughout the body, which makes it effective in treating cancer that has spread (metastasized).

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may also be considered, particularly if the cancer is resistant to traditional treatments. Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules involved in the growth of cancer cells, while immunotherapy helps to strengthen the body’s immune system to better fight off the cancer.

The choice of treatment depends heavily on the individual’s specific case, including the stage of the cancer and overall health. Early detection of cervical cancer often leads to treatment options that are less invasive, such as surgery or localized radiation, which have higher success rates. On the other hand, advanced stages may require a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, and sometimes surgery.

Regular screenings, like Pap smears and HPV testing, remain essential in identifying abnormal cell changes early, which can prevent the progression to cancer and improve treatment outcomes.


Conclusion

Cervical cancer is preventable with proactive steps like HPV vaccination and regular screenings. By understanding its symptoms and causes, you can empower yourself to take charge of your health. Awareness, timely medical care, and preventive measures can go a long way in reducing cervical cancer risk among women.



 

Frequently Asked Questions:

  • What are the early signs of cervical cancer?

    Unusual bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and abnormal discharge can be early signs. Regular screening helps in early detection.

  • Who should get the HPV vaccine?

    The HPV vaccine is recommended for girls and young women between ages 9-26 to reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

  • Can cervical cancer be prevented?

    Yes, through HPV vaccination, regular Pap smears, and safe sex lifestyle practices, the risk of cervical cancer can be significantly reduced.

  • How often should I get a Pap smear?

    Women aged 21-65 should get a Pap smear every three years, or as recommended by a doctor.


 

Important

This blog, including its text, images, and infographics, are for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. For personalized advice, always consult a doctor.


Further Reading

For more details on this or related topics, refer to the papers listed in references below, or checkout the other blogs on our website dulycare.in.

References





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